Doctor explains GENITAL WARTS | Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

Genital warts, medically known as condylomata acuminata, are small, fleshy growths that can develop in the genital or anal regions of both men and women. These warts are primarily caused by specific strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI). While there are over 100 different strains of HPV, genital warts are most commonly associated with HPV types 6 and 11.

Transmission and Risk Factors

The transmission of HPV occurs through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activities, which can include vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It is crucial to understand that HPV can be transmitted even when an infected individual does not exhibit visible warts. This asymptomatic nature of the virus contributes to its widespread prevalence.

Signs and Symptoms

Genital warts can vary significantly in appearance. They may be small or large, flat or raised, and can sometimes cluster together, resembling a cauliflower.

• In Men – Warts can manifest on the penis, scrotum, groin, thighs, or around the anus.
• In Women – Warts may appear on the vulva, vaginal walls, cervix, or around the anus.

Most individuals with genital warts do not experience symptoms; however, some may encounter:

• Itching
• Discomfort
• Bleeding
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Difficulties with urination, such as blood in the urine or changes in urinary flow

Diagnosis

Diagnosing genital warts typically involves a physical examination by a healthcare provider. They may apply a special solution to enhance the visibility of the warts. In some instances, a biopsy may be performed to exclude other conditions.

In the UK, sexual health clinics are the most appropriate venues for diagnosis and treatment. These clinics offer confidential services, often without the need for an appointment, and healthcare providers are experienced in managing such concerns.

When to Seek Medical Attention

It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional if you:

• Notice one or more painless lumps or growths in the genital or anal area
• Experience itching or bleeding
• Observe changes in urinary flow
• Have a sexual partner diagnosed with genital warts
• Are pregnant and suspect you may have genital warts, as the condition can impact childbirth

Treatment Options

Fortunately, various treatment options are available for genital warts, and the choice of treatment depends on the size, location, and number of warts.

• Topical Treatments – Prescription creams, gels, and ointments such as imiquimod and podophyllin can be applied directly to the affected area. It is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully to avoid damaging surrounding skin.
• Cryotherapy – Freezing the warts with liquid nitrogen, effectively destroying the tissue.
• Electrocautery – Using an electrical current to burn off the warts.
• Laser Treatment – A medical laser can be employed to remove warts, particularly in cases where other treatments have failed.
• Surgical Removal – For larger or persistent warts, surgical excision may be necessary.

Prevention

Preventing genital warts is preferable to treatment. The two primary strategies for prevention are practicing safe sex and getting vaccinated.

• Condom Use – While using condoms can significantly reduce the risk of contracting HPV, they do not provide complete protection, as HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom.
• HPV Vaccine – A crucial preventive measure that protects against the strains of HPV responsible for most genital warts and cervical cancer. If you are eligible, getting vaccinated is highly recommended.

Conclusion

Understanding genital warts, their transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options is vital for maintaining sexual health. If you suspect you have genital warts or have concerns about HPV, do not hesitate to seek medical advice. Taking proactive steps can significantly impact your health and well-being.